Aviation

Advising on all aspects of air accidents and investigations, our expert team supports airlines, operators, manufacturers, and insurers in the immediate aftermath of incidents through to formal inquiries. Our expertise includes guidance on insurance coverage, regulatory obligations, and engagement with investigative bodies such as the AAIB or international equivalents. Sensitive, swift, and strategic advice ensures clients are protected throughout the investigatory and legal process.

• Represented and advised UK, Kenyan and South African families with claims against Kenya Airlines following the KQ507 fatal air incident in Douala, Cameroon.
• Represented and advised Lebanese, French and Ethiopian families with claims against Ethiopian Airlines following the 409 fatal air incident from Beirut to Addis Ababa.
• Represented and advised South African and Libyan families with claims against Ethiopian Airlines following the 771 fatal air incident in Tripoli, Libya.
• Represented and advised Sudanese families with claims against Sudan Airways following the 109 fatal air incident in Khartoum.
• Represented and advised UK and Australian families on a charter flight to view a mining operation in Congo that was AN Aero-Service fatal air accident. This case was a High Court trial in liability: Cassley v GMP Resources and others [2015] EWHC 722 QB.
• Represented and advised UK, Kenyan and South African families with claims against Kenya Airlines and the Boeing Corporation following the KQ507 fatal air incident in Douala, Cameroon.
• Represented and advised 5 UK tourists and a Canadian pilot on claims against Nyika Safaris following Cessna 206’s fatal air accident in Malawi.
• Represented and advised Safari air operator after a fatal Cessna 404 crash in Tanzania involving 10 US tourists and two Tanzanian crew.
• Represented and advised Lebanese, French and Ethiopian families with claims against Ethiopian Airlines and the Boeing Corporation following the ET 409 fatal air incident from Beirut to Addis Ababa.
• Represented and advised Sudanese families with claims against Sudan Airways following the Flight 109 fatal air incident in Khartoum.
• Represented and advised 4 South Africans on claims against Robinson following a R44 fatal accident in South Africa.
• Represented and advised South African and Libyan families with claims against Afriqiyah Airlines following the Flight 771 fatal air incident in Tripoli, Libya.
• Acted for Royal Jordanian Airlines’ insurers in respect of passenger claims arising from the detonation of a grenade following a hijacking shortly after having departed from Amman, Jordan, in 2000.
• Advised on the legal regime and liabilities under the Montreal Convention/Warsaw Convention, EU Regulations, country-specific regulations and Conditions of Carriage and overseeing of all disputes relating to baggage, passenger and commercial.
• Acted for Royal Jordanian Falcons’ insurers in relation to claims by dependants of deceased persons arising from the crash of an aircraft at an airshow in Ostende, Belgium, in 1997.
• Representing (and resolving claims of) families of Malaysian Airlines Flights 370 and 17 (missing/shot-down).
• Advised and resolved claims by families from airline disasters around the world, including international litigation where required, against the following airlines: Emirates, American Airlines, Continental Airlines, Ethiopian, Kenya Airways, Air Philippines, Garuda, Adam Air, Lion Air, Air France, British Airways, GOL (Brazil), Egyptair, Sibir (Russia), Qantas, Malaysian Airlines.
• One Two Go Airlines (Thailand): Advised numerous high-net-worth families in helicopter and business jet crashes in the UK, Europe, USA, Africa and Asia (including Lord Ballyedmond and Charles Stisted, the CEO of Guards Polo Club).

Our aviation team provides strategic, cross-border advice on aircraft repossession, ensuring compliance with deregistration and export protocols. We assist lessors, financiers, and insurers with enforcement actions, asset recovery, and tailored repossession roadmaps, mitigating risk and safeguarding interests in complex jurisdictions.

• Secured court-approved repossession and deregistration of aircraft for a major lessor in Eastern Europe following default.
• Advised a global lessor on asset recovery strategy after airline insolvency in CIS jurisdictions, including export logistics.
• Managed enforcement claims and dispute resolution on behalf of ECA‑funded lenders, preparing for cross-border enforcement actions.
• Developed tailored repossession roadmaps for insurers and financiers, ensuring compliance with deregistration and export protocols across multiple legal regimes.
• Advised a major Spanish airline in relation to the repossession of an Airbus A320 Aircraft on sub-lease and associated debt recovery.
• Acted for UAE royalty, and various maintenance companies, in respect of aircraft repossessions.
• Advised a leasing company on lease terminations, deregistration and repossession of aircraft in multiple jurisdictions.
• Advised and handled a back-to-back lease transaction for a repossessed aircraft, drafting all documentation and leading meetings with the CEO to secure arbitrage opportunity for the broker client.

Providing advice on insurance and cargo claims, our experienced team supports clients with coverage analysis, liability assessment, and dispute resolution across domestic and international contexts. Whether acting for carriers, freight forwarders or insurers, we offer pragmatic solutions on claims arising from damage, delay or loss in transit, ensuring compliance with regulatory regimes and contractual obligations under international conventions such as the Montreal Convention. We also advise on the resolution of disputes between airlines and their agents to recover monies owing from those agents, including claims against banks and liquidators appointed to failed travel companies.

• Acted for a number of IATA airlines against banks reclaiming monies properly due to them under the IATA trust.
• Acted for a Middle Eastern cargo airline against its insurers and broker arising from damage caused to two CF6 engines whilst being transported for maintenance in 2018. Claim against insurer under the policy and the broker for negligence in failing to ensure appropriate cover.
• Acted for various US West Coast aircraft leasing companies in relation to their claims against insurance companies for the loss of aircraft leased to Russian airlines following the invasion of Ukraine.
• Advised and took part in multiple arbitration proceedings, including attending an IDRC hearing in London and a SIAC hearing in Singapore on secondment.
• Advised and represented an aircraft insurer in a landmark $4bn Commercial Court claim.
• £20m aviation insurance claim and related settlement.
• Acted for Odyssey Aviation Ltd in relation to its claim for US$3.2 million consultancy fees against ICBC Financial Leasing pertaining to a US$342 million aircraft portfolio in 2014.
• Acted for a general aviation aircraft owner in relation to a claim against an aircraft maintenance company for negligent work causing a catastrophic loss of power mid-flight in 2018.
• Acted for air carriers in respect of claims brought pursuant to EC Regulation 261/2004 (Denied Boarding Regulations) for delay, cancellation, denied board and lost baggage.
• Acted for Kuwait Airlines Corporation (KAC) against Iraqi Airways Company in relation to KAC’s claims for theft of aircraft following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990. Claim valued: US$1.2 billion.
• Acted as an external legal counsel to IATA.

Our leading aviation lawyers advise on all aspects of coroners’ inquests, including those arising from aviation incidents, guiding clients through the legal, procedural and reputational issues involved. Support includes preparation for hearings, liaison with coroners and other authorities, and ensuring regulatory obligations are met. The approach is measured and discreet, with particular care given to sensitive circumstances involving serious injury or loss of life.

• Acted for a Belgium aviation insurer at a Coroner’s Inquest in the UK arising from the death of a parachutist following a mid-air collision with another parachutist.
• Acted for a Belgium aviation insurer at a Coroner’s Inquest in the UK arising from the death of a glider pilot following a mid-air collision with a single engine turbo propeller aircraft.
• HM Deputy Coroner for East Sussex and HM Assistant Coroner for West Sussex, since 2016.
• Acted as HM Coroner on over 150 Inquests, including high-profile complex inquests with juries.
• Acted as HM Coroner on complex jury inquests involving clinical and healthcare environments.
• Acted as HM Coroner on complex inquests involving Human Rights Act issues.
• Acted as HM Coroner on multiple inquests involving complex toxicology and pharmacology.
• Acted as Advocate for families of 2015 Shoreham Airshow disaster, and 2018 Papillon Grand Canyon accident at Coroner’s Court, and many other families at Coroners’ Inquests in England & Wales.
• Acted for a Belgium aviation insurer at a Coroner’s Inquest in the UK arising from the death of a parachutist following a mid-air collision with another parachutist.
• Acted for a Belgium aviation insurer at a Coroner’s Inquest in the UK arising from the death of a glider pilot following a mid-air collision with a single engine turbo propeller aircraft.

Our expert aviation lawyers act for insurers, reinsurers and insureds in relation to coverage disputes across a broad spectrum of aviation (re)insurance policies, including Aircraft All Risks, Deductible and Spares policies. We are also experienced in advising on claims involving other classes of (re)insurance. Our lawyers have the deep industry knowledge to advise on the structuring, placement and interpretation of aviation insurance policies, as well as the drafting and negotiation of insurance provisions within commercial contracts. This includes advising operators, lessors, manufacturers and service providers on risk allocation and compliance with regulatory requirements, ensuring appropriate protection is in place across a range of transactions and operational arrangements.

• Acted for the reinsurers of Makalu Air Private airline in respect of coverage issues pertaining to the accident at Simikot Airport, Nepal, in 2010.
• Acted for the reinsurers of Tara Air in respect of coverage issues pertaining to the accident of a Twin Otter aircraft at Lamidanda Airport, Nepal, in 2010.
• Acted for the reinsurers of Air Kasthamandap in respect of coverage issues pertaining to the accident at Talcha Airport, Nepal, in 2011.
• £20m aviation insurance claim and related settlement.
• Deputy Chairman, Aviation Insurance Clauses Group, Lloyds of London 2006.
• Contributing Editor to The Law of Aviation Insurance, 3rd edition, Butterworths 2000.

We have proven expertise in advising on aviation insurance policies and major loss claims, and providing clear, commercial guidance on coverage issues and liability exposure. Our support includes managing complex passenger and third-party claims, coordinating with insurers and reinsurers, and navigating multijurisdictional disputes. We also act for individuals on injury claims against airlines. With experience across all classes of aviation risk, the team ensures effective resolution strategies that reflect both industry practice and regulatory frameworks.

• Represented and advised UK, Kenyan and South African families with claims against Kenya Airlines following the KQ507 fatal air incident in Douala, Cameroon.
• Represented and advised Lebanese, French and Ethiopian families with claims against Ethiopian Airlines following the 409 fatal air incident from Beirut to Addis Ababa.
• Represented and advised South African and Libyan families with claims against Ethiopian Airlines following the 771 fatal air incident in Tripoli, Libya.
• Represented and advised Sudanese families with claims against Sudan Airways following the 109 fatal air incident in Khartoum.
• Represented and advised UK and Australian families on a charter flight to view a mining operation in Congo that was AN Aero-Service fatal air accident. This case was a High Court trial in liability: Cassley v GMP Resources and others [2015] EWHC 722 QB.
• Represented and advised UK, Kenyan and South African families with claims against Kenya Airlines and the Boeing Corporation following the KQ507 fatal air incident in Douala, Cameroon.
• Represented and advised 5 UK tourists and a Canadian pilot on claims against Nyika Safaris following Cessna 206’s fatal air accident in Malawi.
• Represented and advised Safari air operator after a fatal Cessna 404 crash in Tanzania involving 10 US tourists and two Tanzanian crew.
• Represented and advised Lebanese, French and Ethiopian families with claims against Ethiopian Airlines and the Boeing Corporation following the ET 409 fatal air incident from Beirut to Addis Ababa.
• Represented and advised Sudanese families with claims against Sudan Airways following the Flight 109 fatal air incident in Khartoum.
• Represented and advised UK and Australian families on a charter flight to view a mining operation in Congo that was AN Aero-Service fatal air accident. This case was a High Court trial in liability – Cassley v GMP Resources and others [2015] EWHC 722 QB.
• Represented and advised 4 South Africans on claims against Robinson following a R44 fatal accident in South Africa.
• Represented and advised South African and Libyan families with claims against Afriqiyah Airlines following the Flight 771 fatal air incident in Tripoli, Libya.
• Acted for Royal Jordanian Airlines’ insurers in respect of passenger claims arising from the detonation of a grenade following a hijacking shortly after having departed from Amman, Jordan, in 2000.
• Advised on the legal regime and liabilities under the Montreal Convention/Warsaw Convention, EU Regulations, country-specific regulations and Conditions of Carriage and overseeing of all disputes relating to baggage, passenger and commercial.
• Acted for Royal Jordanian Falcons’ insurers in relation to claims by dependants of deceased persons arising from the crash of an aircraft at an airshow in Ostende, Belgium, in 1997.
• Representing (and resolving claims of) families of Malaysian Airlines Flights 370 and 17 (missing/shot-down).
• Advised and resolved claims by families from airline disasters around the world, including international litigation where required, against the following airlines: Emirates, American Airlines, Continental Airlines, Ethiopian, Kenya Airways, Air Philippines, Garuda, Adam Air, Lion Air, Air France, British Airways, GOL (Brazil), Egyptair, Sibir (Russia), Qantas, Malaysian Airlines.
• One Two Go Airlines (Thailand): Advised numerous high-net-worth families in helicopter and business jet crashes in the UK, Europe, USA, Africa and Asia (including Lord Ballyedmond and Charles Stisted, the CEO of Guards Polo Club).

As specialist advisers on product liability claims, our aviation team supports manufacturers, MROs, and insurers in disputes involving alleged defects in aircraft components or systems. Advice covers liability exposure, coverage issues under product liability policies, and managing complex, multi-jurisdictional claims. With a strong understanding of technical, regulatory and commercial factors, the team ensures risks are carefully assessed and managed from initial investigation through to resolution or litigation.

• Acted for Virgin Atlantic Airways and its insurers in relation to a product liability claim arising from a landing gear failure for an Airbus A340 whilst landing at Heathrow Airport in 1998.
• Acted for Raytheon UK, co-defendant with Cessna, in English proceedings in respect of a claim brought by the Duke of Westminster in 2004 in relation to product liability and aircraft maintenance issues.
• Advised an English aircraft engine maintenance company in relation to product liability claims in 2020.

Advising on aircraft and engine finance and ensuring compliance with complex legal and regulatory requirements requires deep industry knowledge. Our expert aviation lawyers assist with structuring financing arrangements, negotiating loan agreements, and advising on security interests across the full range of operating leases, asset-backed financing, and cross-border transactions, helping clients navigate the intricacies of financing aircraft and engines while protecting their assets and minimising risk.

• Acted for the Ministry of Defence of Qatar in connection with the multi-billion UKEF-backed commercial financing of 24 Typhoon aircraft which represented the largest ever UKEF direct lending facility.
• Advised Indian airline IndiGo on commercial contracts relating to aircraft and engine finance and leasing.
• Acted for Indigo Airlines on several financings of Airbus A321 aircraft through Gift City with various aviation banks.

Our expert team of aviation lawyers provide guidance on the negotiation and drafting of aircraft and engine maintenance agreements, ensuring clarity on service levels, repair obligations, and compliance with regulatory standards. We help clients structure agreements with maintenance providers, addressing liability, warranties, and performance expectations, as well as ensuring that maintenance arrangements are legally sound, financially secure, and aligned with the operational needs of the aircraft.

• Acted for international and domestic airlines, general aviation aircraft owners and operators, aircraft manufacturers, ground handlers, general sales agents, aviation trade associations, aircraft engine maintenance businesses, travel agents, aircraft spares providers, aviation (re)insurers and brokers, and experience in relation to both fixed-wing and rotor-wing aircraft.
• Advised an English aircraft engine maintenance company in relation to product liability claims in 2020.
• Advised Spairliners GmbH on and negotiating large-scale aircraft component pool maintenance agreements for Airbus A380 and Embraer aircraft for a series of airline customers, including Austrian Airlines, Lufthansa, Kenya Airways, KLM Citihopper, Royal Air Maroc, Royal Jordanian, SAS Link, Air Dolomiti and French regional carrier HOP! Also advised on the expansion of the client’s business into North and South America.
• Advised Spairliners GmbH, a 50%/50% joint venture between Lufthansa and Air France/KLM, on producing radically revised contract templates for SPL’s large-scale aircraft maintenance agreements with its customers and suppliers that take account of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the aviation industry.
• Advised an International airline on a joint venture with Vertical Aerospace for the purchase of short-haul eVTOL aircraft.

Our specialist aviation lawyers provide comprehensive advice on aircraft finance, operation, and leasing, guiding clients through complex legal and regulatory frameworks. From structuring leasing arrangements to negotiating financing terms, we ensure compliance with international laws and protect clients’ interests. Advising on cross-border transactions, tax implications, and operational contracts, our team’s expertise helps mitigate risks and ensures smooth, efficient aircraft transactions and operations for both lessors and lessees.

• Acted for a major international lessor in a cross-border sale and leaseback of a fleet of narrowbody aircraft into CIS, with customs and tax optimisation.
• Acted for Bpifrance on a number of ECA-backed leases of Airbus A380 aircraft for Emirates.
• Acted for numerous major international lessors and banks in relation to their operating lease portfolios in the CIS region.
• Acted for Royal Jordanian in connection with its re-fleeting programme, negotiating with Airbus, Boeing, Embraer and a number of engine manufacturers; subsequently advising Royal Jordanian on its operating leases with Avolon, CALC, and Azora.
• Acted on 100+ high-value aircraft transactions totalling over USD 2.5B.
• Advised a European bank on the unwinding and restructuring of the financing for 6 helicopters across multiple jurisdictions.
• Advised a Middle Eastern bank in relation to the financing and delivery of a commercial aircraft for a Dubai-based airline.
• Advised Etihad Airways on innovative aircraft finance structures incorporating Abu Dhabi Global Markets (ADGM) and cash advance sale and leaseback finance structure for aircraft acquisitions.
• Advised Etihad Airways on over 25 aircraft sale and leaseback and secured financing transactions (including Islamic financing structures and Jolcos) for A380, B777 Freighter and B787 aircraft.
• Advised financiers on financing and leasing of a fleet of Antonov aircraft.
• Advised Indian airline IndiGo on its Airbus aircraft deliveries and closings, aircraft operating leases, aircraft refinancings, commercial contracts, lease extensions, and novations.
• Advised KLM airline on its Jolco financing and commercial contracts relating to the financing of 8 aircraft.
• Advised major global lessors and Russian flag carriers on PDP financing for A320neos and Boeing 737 MAX aircraft.
• Advised on the integration of a UK airline’s mainline and regional fleet (post-acquisition) of 29 aircraft into the fleet, including preparation of code sharing, wet and dry sub-leases, and the renegotiation of existing lease terms with lessors and financiers and the due diligence process resulting from acquisition.
• Advised on the sale and leasebacks, operating leases, debt financings, JOLCO financings, and wet leases in respect of the majority of the fleet.
• Advises high-net-worth individuals and corporate clients on aircraft sales, acquisitions, and financings, managing transactions from LOI to delivery.
• Drafted and negotiated APAs, LOIs, lease and financing documentation, and security agreements.

Our aviation team fully understand how to navigate complex aircraft management arrangements, providing advice on ownership structures, regulatory compliance, and liability issues. We assist clients in structuring agreements with third-party managers, addressing risk allocation, maintenance responsibilities, and compliance with aviation laws. Our guidance ensures that the management of the aircraft aligns with our client’s objectives, safeguarding both operational efficiency and legal compliance, and ensuring effective risk allocation and alignment with commercial goals.

• Advised operators on management, operating, and maintenance agreements.
• Advised on the purchase of a Gulfstream G550, the aircraft management agreements and import into the EU.
• Advised various clients on aircraft management agreements.
• Negotiated management and operational agreements for family-owned aircraft.
• Advised the Government of Cabo Verde and the national airline of Cabo Verde in relation to a debt resolution and liability management, aircraft operating leases and the privatisation sale to Icelandair Group.
• Advised on ACMI charter and operating and management agreement for a helicopter.
• Advised on purchases, sales, financing, operation and management of Dassault, Embraer, Bombardier and Hawker private jets.
• Advised on the purchase of a Gulfstream G550, the aircraft management agreements and import into the EU.

With unrivalled expertise in aircraft purchase and sale agreements, we help clients ensure compliance with relevant regulations and protect their interests throughout the transaction. Our team assist with contract negotiation, due diligence, tax considerations, and registration requirements, while addressing any complexities related to ownership structures and financing arrangements. Whether for private or commercial aircraft, our advice helps streamline the process and mitigate potential risks for both buyers and sellers.

• Acted for a lender on the purchase of a loan participation in relation to the JOLCO facility for 2 Dash 8 – Q400 aircraft on lease to an Asian airline.
• Acted for a Middle East investor on the sale of a number of private jets to high-net-worth individuals.
• Acted for a UAE client on the purchase of a new Global 6500.
• Acted for an Irish aircraft leasing company in relation to a claim against a US fund for breaching the terms of an Aircraft Purchase and Sale Agreement relating to an Airbus A312.
• Acted on the sale and purchase of aircraft (fixed wing and rotary) in the general aviation market.
• Advised a client on its purchase and EU importation of an E650 Legacy corporate jet.
• Advised a major Spanish airline in relation to a JOLCO financing including purchase option of 2 new Airbus A320 CEO aircraft.
• Advised a UK client on the sale on an Agusta helicopter.
• Advised a US-based lessor in respect of an aircraft and share sale agreement in respect of a Boeing 737-900ER aircraft on lease to an Indonesian airline and an Airbus A321-211 aircraft on lease to a Vietnamese airline and the shares in the respective lessor entities.
• Advised an international airline on a joint venture with Vertical Aerospace for the purchase of short-haul eVTOL aircraft.
• Advised on escrow arrangements for the purchase of two pre-flown 737s.
• Advised on purchase and lease financings of cargo helicopters, air ambulance helicopters and hospital aircraft.
• Advised on purchases, sales, financing, operation and management of Dassault, Embraer, Bombardier and Hawker private jets.
• Advised on restructuring of a purchase agreement for 30 A320 aircraft.
• Advised on the purchase of 747 cargo aircraft from an insolvent company.
• Advised on the purchase of a Hawker Beechcraft 750 and its importation into the EU under an AOC.
• Advised on the sale of an Isle of Man registered Bombardier Challenger 605 to a US buyer.
• Advised on the sale of Hawker Beechcraft 750 aircraft to a Canadian buyer including export from the EU.
• Advised the shareholders of SALE in relation to the disposal by trade sale of Singapore Aircraft Leasing Enterprise Pte Ltd.
• Aircraft development and sale contract with US Department of Defense prime contractor to provide aircraft on a US$500m program.
• Assisted 3top Aviation Services Limited with a unique matter involving negotiations on an existing aircraft purchase from China Sonangol International Holding Limited and the relevance of force majeure in the current Covid-19 pandemic.
• Represented a Middle East investor on the purchase of a H145 T2 Helicopter.

Our experienced aviation team provide strategic advice on engine transactions, including purchases, leasing, and exchanges. With deep sector knowledge, we help clients structure efficient agreements, manage risk, and ensure regulatory compliance. Advising airlines, lessors and MROs, we provide clear, practical guidance to protect commercial interests throughout the lifecycle of engine-related arrangements.

• Advised on the common terms agreement in respect of the lease of 12 IAE V2500 engines from Rolls-Royce and the related operating leases.
• Acted for an operating lessor on the purchase of two new CFM engines from the manufacturer CFM International for installation on an existing lease with Norwegian Airlines and the sale of the two current CFM engines on lease to Norwegian to CFM.
• Advised each of Flyr and Flybe airlines on the delivery and leasing of aircraft and engines, including the application of the Cape Town Convention and aviation authority requirements.
• Advised Indian airline IndiGo on commercial contracts relating to aircraft and engine finance and leasing.

• Advised each of Flyr and Flybe airlines on the delivery and leasing of aircraft and engines, including the application of the Cape Town Convention and aviation authority requirements.
• Advised Indian airline IndiGo on commercial contracts relating to aircraft and engine finance and leasing.
• Acted for a UK-based engine leasing company in relation to a Japanese operating lease (with call option) in respect of a Pratt & Whitney PW1133G aircraft engine.
• Acted for a US-based leasing company in relation to the acquisition, from an Irish leasing company, of eight CFM56 engines on lease to a South Asian airline.
• Acted for a UK-based engine manufacturer in connection with the updating of its precedent engine sale and exchange agreements and providing training to their commercial team on the use of those documents.

Our aviation lawyers have proven expertise in providing guidance on air transport regulation, advising clients on compliance with national and international laws. We help carriers and regulators navigate the complexities of licensing, safety standards, and operational requirements, ensuring that businesses adhere to the regulatory frameworks governing the aviation industry. With in-depth knowledge of aviation law, we assist in risk management and offer strategic advice to mitigate potential legal challenges in highly regulated markets.

• Defended light aircraft and helicopter pilots in respect of prosecutions brought against them in various Magistrates’ Courts by the Civil Aviation Authority for breaches of the Rules of the Air Regulations 2007 and the Air Navigation Order 2009.
• Advised several operators of airline/travel networks on the structural implications of UK/EU payments regulation.
• Advised on the legal regime and liabilities under the Montreal Convention/Warsaw Convention, EU Regulations, country-specific regulations and Conditions of Carriage and overseeing of all disputes relating to baggage, passenger and commercial.
• Represented clients before civil aviation authorities and in registry matters.

Our specialist lawyers advise tour operators, carriers and OTAs on ATOL and TOMS compliance, dealing with licensing applications, financial protection rules, and enforcement risks. We assist in navigating the complexities of consumer protection, financial arrangements, and insurance requirements, supporting businesses to avoid legal pitfalls while ensuring that customer funds are safeguarded in the event of insolvency or service disruption.

• Supported the client with specific Travel and Aviation Regulatory advice to divest themselves of a number of travel companies within their international group. The structure of disposals was diverse and challenging specifically concerning airline and IATA relationships and resultant financial backing and securities underlying the substantial transaction as well as CAA issues arising from ATOL bonding levels.
• Advising online travel booking agencies on the impact of ATOL licensing.

Navigating airport regulation requires in-depth knowledge of legal frameworks, operational requirements, and regulatory compliance. Expertise is essential to ensure that airports meet safety standards, environmental regulations, and security protocols. Our aviation experts advise on issues of land use, construction, and regulatory filings, as well as dispute resolution and negotiations with regulators and other stakeholders in the aviation sector.

• Advised and represented Lasham Gliding Society (LGS) the UK’s largest gliding club (and one of the largest gliding clubs in the world) in relation to the Airspace Change Proposal (ACP) made by TAG Farnborough in which a large volume of controlled airspace close to LGS was sought.
• Advised the British Gliding Association in relation to communications with the CAA about the manner in which the CAA takes decisions in relation to changes to the UK’s airspace.
• Advised on judicial review proceedings against the CAA in relation to its TAG Farnborough Airspace Change Proposal “ACP” Decision.
• Advising on and project managing the regulatory approval process for the EEA business expansion of a major multinational travel provider.
• Aircraft development and sale contract with US Department of Defense prime contractor to provide aircraft on a US$500m program.

Airport slot regulation governs the allocation and management of take-off and landing slots at congested airports. Our legal expertise ensures compliance with international and national regulations, facilitating fair access to slots and mitigating conflicts between airlines. We assist clients in securing slot allocations, resolving disputes, and advising on the legal framework surrounding slot transfers, trading, and coordination.

• Advised on the insolvency issues on the corporate matters for the UK’s designated airport slots coordinator in relation to the re-allocation of landing and take-off slots at London Heathrow Airport resulting from the insolvency of Flybe and being put into administration.
• Advised ACL, which is the UK’s designated statutory body for coordinating take-off and landing slots at the UK’s congested airports (including London Heathrow), in relation to a contract awarded by HMG’s Foreign & Commonwealth Office.
• Advised the UK’s designated airport slots coordinator in relation to the re-allocation of landing and take-off slots at London Heathrow Airport resulting from the insolvency of Flybe.

Code-sharing agreements allow airlines to collaborate by selling seats on each other’s flights under their own flight designators and numbers. Legal advice is crucial to ensure compliance with aviation laws, competition regulations, and consumer protection rules. Our highly experienced lawyers assist in drafting, negotiating, and enforcing code-sharing contracts, addressing issues such as liability, operational coordination, and regulatory approval, ensuring that agreements operate smoothly while safeguarding the interests of all parties involved.

• Advised on the integration of a UK airline’s mainline and regional fleet (post-acquisition) of 29 aircraft into the fleet, including preparation of code sharing, wet and dry sub-leases, and the renegotiation of existing lease terms with lessors and financiers and the due diligence process resulting from acquisition.

Advising clients on aviation competition law requires a deep understanding of airline operations and network economics. Our team of aviation lawyers act for carriers and industry stakeholders, advising on merger control, market conduct, alliances, market dominance, and state investigations, offering practical and strategic guidance tailored to complex, fast-moving aviation markets.

• Advised and represented Lasham Gliding Society (LGS) the UK’s largest gliding club (and one of the largest gliding clubs in the world) in relation to the Airspace Change Proposal (ACP) made by TAG Farnborough in which a large volume of controlled airspace close to LGS was sought.
• Advised the British Gliding Association in relation to communications with the CAA about the manner in which the CAA takes decisions in relation to changes to the UK’s airspace.
• Advised on judicial review proceedings against the CAA in relation to its TAG Farnborough Airspace Change Proposal “ACP” Decision.
• Advising on and project managing the regulatory approval process for the EEA business expansion of a major multinational travel provider.

Working closely with airlines, operators, aviation professionals, and training organisations, our aviation lawyers provide essential advice on crew licensing and ratings, pilot certifications, medical requirements, and training, ensuring compliance with international and national aviation regulations. Our team’s expertise helps navigate compliance, appeals, and licensing processes, manage disputes, and address regulatory challenges, ensuring that aviation operations are fully compliant with the relevant legal frameworks and that operations run without regulatory disruption.

• Defended light aircraft and helicopter pilots in respect of prosecutions brought against them in various Magistrates’ Courts by the Civil Aviation Authority for breaches of the Rules of the Air Regulations 2007 and the Air Navigation Order 2009.

Our aviation team advises on complex financial regulatory matters impacting airlines, lessors, and travel networks. We provide guidance on compliance with UK/EU payments regulation, IATA BSP rules, and e-commerce frameworks, ensuring secure structures for transactions and mitigating regulatory risk across global aviation operations.

• Advised airlines of IATA BSP Regulations.
• Advised several operators of airline/travel networks on the structural implications of UK/EU payments regulation.
• Advised several airlines on acquiring and other e-commerce/payments arrangements.
• Advised various clients on International Registry and CAA matters.
• Acted for a UAE-based lessor in connection with its Rolls-Royce LessorCare arrangements.
• Acted for a US-based lessor in connection with non-payment and other defaults that occurred under its leasing arrangements with a South Asian airline.

Our aviation lawyers advise on all aspects of aviation fuel procurement and logistics, including drafting and negotiating supply, storage, and pipeline-access agreements. We provide guidance on sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) arrangements, emissions compliance, and risk allocation, ensuring clients meet regulatory requirements while securing efficient, long-term supply solutions.

• Advises on aviation fuel, logistics, and sustainability-related contracts for airports, suppliers, and airlines.
• Drafted and negotiated aviation fuel-supply and storage agreements.
• Advised on sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) purchase and blending agreements.
• Prepared pipeline-access, trucking, and ground-handling contracts.
• Drafted standard terms and conditions for supply and risk allocation.
• Advised on fuel-emissions trading and environmental compliance frameworks.
• Supported clients on procurement and long-term supply relationships with major carriers.
• Drafted and negotiated aviation fuel-supply, trucking, and pipeline-access agreements.
• Prepared and advised on SAF purchase and blending agreements.
• Reviewed and negotiated service and storage agreements for airport fuel facilities.
• Drafted terms and conditions governing supply, distribution, and risk allocation.
• Advised on fuel-emissions trading schemes and regulatory compliance under UK and EU frameworks.
• Advised and provided ongoing commercial legal services to a large aviation fuel provider under retainer, including contract drafting and aviation regulatory advice.
• Became the main point of contact for this relationship. Advised and drafted GTCs for supply of sustainable aviation fuel for this client.
• Acts as lead adviser and main point of contact for a major aviation fuel provider under ongoing retainer, handling all commercial legal and regulatory matters.
• Drafted comprehensive general terms and conditions for the supply of sustainable aviation fuel, navigating the evolving regulatory landscape and commercial considerations specific to SAF.

Ground handling regulation oversees the provision of essential services such as baggage handling, cargo loading, and aircraft servicing at airports. Advising in this sector requires deep knowledge of the aviation industry. Our experts assist in drafting and negotiating service agreements, addressing disputes, assisting with tendering processes, and navigating regulatory changes so that airlines and ground handlers maintain efficient, compliant operations while minimising legal risks.

• Acted for air carriers in respect of claims brought pursuant to EC Regulation 261/2004 (Denied Boarding Regulations) for delay, cancellation, denied board and lost baggage.
• Advised on the legal regime and liabilities under the Montreal Convention/Warsaw Convention, EU Regulations, country-specific regulations and Conditions of Carriage and overseeing of all disputes relating to baggage, passenger and commercial.
• Acted for international and domestic airlines, general aviation aircraft owners and operators, aircraft manufacturers, ground handlers, general sales agents, aviation trade associations, aircraft engine maintenance businesses, travel agents, aircraft spares providers, aviation (re)insurers and brokers, and experience in relation to both fixed-wing and rotor-wing aircraft.
• Prepared pipeline-access, trucking, and ground-handling contracts.
• Advised on IATA standard contracts (ground handling, catering, jet fuel supply, security, engine leases).

With deep industry insight, our aviation lawyers help clients manage risk and navigate the legal complexities of Air Navigation Order offences and related aviation regulations. Whether advising on enforcement actions, regulatory investigations or compliance strategies, we offer clear, decisive guidance from the outset. Our advice spans the full range of aviation-related offences, including breaches of the Air Navigation Order, unauthorised aircraft operations, and safety-related violations. Legal support includes responding to CAA, AAIB, and EASA enquiries, defending enforcement action, representing clients in interviews under caution, and advising on regulatory compliance to minimise future risk. Timely intervention can mitigate penalties, protect operating permissions, and preserve reputation in dealings with aviation authorities.

• Supported the client with specific Travel and Aviation Regulatory advice to divest themselves of a number of travel companies within their international group. The structure of disposals was diverse and challenging specifically concerning airline and IATA relationships and resultant financial backing and securities underlying the substantial transaction as well as CAA issues arising from ATOL bonding levels.
• Advised the British Gliding Association in relation to communications with the CAA about the manner in which the CAA takes decisions in relation to changes to the UK’s airspace.
• Advised on judicial review proceedings against the CAA in relation to its TAG Farnborough Airspace Change Proposal “ACP” Decision.
• Defended light aircraft and helicopter pilots in respect of prosecutions brought against them in various Magistrates’ Courts by the Civil Aviation Authority for breaches of the Rules of the Air Regulations 2007 and the Air Navigation Order 2009.

With a practical and proactive approach, our expert lawyers help clients manage obligations under the Package Travel and Linked Travel  Arrangements Regulations (PTR), which protect consumers by ensuring that travel businesses meet legal standards for booking and delivering holiday services. We advise on compliance with the Regulations, assist in drafting contracts, handle disputes, and ensure that businesses operate within the scope of the law, providing security for both consumers and operators.

• Advised on liabilities under the PTR following the insolvency of a holiday company.
• Advised travellers stranded abroad on their rights under the PTR.

We have a team of experts dedicated to advising on all aspects of charter and wet lease arrangements. We draft and negotiate ACMI and non-ACMI contracts, manage risk allocation, and advise on cross-border and regulatory implications to support smooth short-term and long-term operations. Our experts help to ensure compliance with aviation laws, advise on tax implications, help resolve disputes, and address regulatory issues.

• Advised on the integration of a UK airline’s mainline and regional fleet (post-acquisition) of 29 aircraft into the fleet, including preparation of code sharing, wet and dry sub-leases, and the renegotiation of existing lease terms with lessors and financiers and the due diligence process resulting from acquisition.
• Advised on the sale and leasebacks, operating leases, debt financings, JOLCO financings, and wet leases in respect of the majority of the fleet.
• Reviewed and negotiated emergency wet leases.
• Advised charter companies, brokers and other companies within the aviation industry.
• Advised a charter company on commercial terms for charter services and operations.

Our experienced team of aviation lawyers have a deep understanding of aviation operations and regulatory frameworks and are well placed to provide rapid, strategic advice in response to aviation fraud. We support clients with investigations, reporting obligations and prosecutions, implementing risk mitigation measures, protecting reputations, maintaining regulatory confidence, and reducing exposure to criminal and civil liability in high-pressure scenarios.

• Advised industry bodies on internal fraud issues.
• Advised carriers over many years on issues arising with their sales agents including close liaison with police and other regulatory authorities.
• Advised a Middle-Eastern state on a substantial fraud relating to the purchase of an executive jet.

Our commercially minded approach combines aviation sector insight with corporate law expertise, enabling us to support clients across a broad range of structures. Our advice covers governance, shareholder rights, and director duties, as well as structuring joint ventures, strategic alliances, and collaborative arrangements. Whether setting up new ventures or managing existing partnerships, our team ensure that agreements align with commercial objectives, mitigate risk, and remain compliant with the specific regulatory environment of the aviation industry.

• Advising Spairliners GmbH, a 50%/50% joint venture between Lufthansa and Air France/KLM, on producing radically revised contract templates for SPL’s large-scale aircraft maintenance agreements with its customers and suppliers that take account of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the aviation industry.
• Drafts, reviews, and negotiates aviation and corporate contracts to support client operations and business growth.
• Drafted Aircraft Management, Charter, and Maintenance Agreements.
• Advised on operational and service program terms (e.g. Rolls-Royce Corporate Care, Smart Parts, ESP Gold).
• Negotiated commercial agreements ensuring compliance and efficiency.
• Drafted and negotiated aircraft management, charter, and maintenance agreements.
• Assisted with corporate structuring and contract documentation for aviation service providers.
• Reviewed shareholder and operational agreements for aviation-related companies.
• Supported partners on GDPR compliance, T&Cs, and commercial due-diligence processes.
• Ensured alignment between business operations, regulatory obligations, and contractual frameworks.
• Advised an international airline on a joint venture with Vertical Aerospace for the purchase of short-haul eVTOL aircraft.
• Advises Spairliners, the 50/50 joint venture between Lufthansa Technik and AirFrance/KLM, on their long-term, high-value Airbus and Embraer aircraft component pool and support agreements SPL’s entire client base.

Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in the aviation sector involve complex regulatory and commercial considerations, from shareholder approval to antitrust and competition law compliance. Our lawyers have extensive experience in structuring transactions, due diligence, drafting agreements, and navigating industry-specific regulations. We help manage risks, address potential liabilities, and ensure smooth integration post-transaction, allowing businesses to achieve their strategic goals while remaining compliant with aviation laws and regulations.

• Advised a US-based lessor in respect of an aircraft and share sale agreement in respect of a Boeing 737-900ER aircraft on lease to an Indonesian airline and an Airbus A321-211 aircraft on lease to a Vietnamese airline and the shares in the respective lessor entities.
• Advised the shareholders of SALE in relation to the disposal by trade sale of Singapore Aircraft Leasing Enterprise Pte Ltd.
• Advised a US-based lessor in respect of an aircraft and share sale agreement in respect of a Boeing 737-900ER aircraft on lease to an Indonesian airline and an Airbus A321-211 aircraft on lease to a Vietnamese airline and the shares in the respective lessor entities.
• Advised on and finalised share sales, both public and private, intra-group company transfers and company sales, and negotiated JV agreements.
• Advised on international acquisition of American Aviation Underwriters by Global Aerospace Underwriting Managers.
• Lead UK partner for Lufthansa’s strategic investment in and acquisition of the BMI airline.
• Priority 1 on its inaugural Norwegian Bond Financing for the purchase of shares in European Cargo Limited.

Our aviation team advise airlines, lessors, financiers and administrators on contingency planning, restructuring strategies, and formal insolvency proceedings to preserve value and facilitate recovery in distressed scenarios. We advise on debt restructuring, asset sales, and the protection of stakeholders’ interests. We also provide guidance on navigating insolvency proceedings, including company voluntary arrangements, administration, and liquidation, ensuring that aviation businesses can restructure efficiently or manage insolvency while minimising operational disruptions and protecting key assets.

• Advising on recovery of assets for creditors by acting against directors of failed travel companies.
• Advised an airline in relation to its fleet restructuring, involving negotiating a fleet swap, early redelivery of aircraft and negotiating new aircraft financing with six different aircraft lessors.
• Advised Bpifrance and SACE in connection with NAC’s Irish restructuring process which affected a portfolio of 22 ECA supported NAC aircraft.
• Acted for Virgin Atlantic on its £1.2bn solvent recapitalisation, being the first restructuring plan to be sanctioned by the English High Court under the new part 26A of the Companies Act 2006.
• Advised on the insolvency issues on the corporate matters for the UK’s designated airport slots coordinator in relation to the re-allocation of landing and take-off slots at London Heathrow Airport resulting from the insolvency of Flybe and being put into administration.
• Provided specialist cross-border restructuring advice to an airline owned by the Regional Government of the Azores.
• Supported operators and owners in post-delivery compliance and restructuring.